Spatial behavior of hepatitis A, MMR, and varicella vaccination coverage in the state of Minas Gerais, 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial behavior of hepatitis A, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), and varicella vaccination coverage in children and its relationship with socioeconomic determinants in the state of Minas Gerais. METHODS: This ecological study investigated records of doses administered to children, extracted from the Immunization Information System of 853 municipalities in Minas Gerais, in 2020. We analyzed the vaccination coverage and socioeconomic factors. Spatial scan statistics were used to identify spatial clusters and measure the relative risk based on the vaccination coverage indicator and the Bivariate Moran Index, and thus detect socioeconomic factors correlated with the spatial distribution of vaccination. We used the cartographic base of the state and its municipalities and the ArcGIS and SPSS software programs. RESULTS: Hepatitis A (89.0%), MMR (75.7%), and varicella (89.0%) showed low vaccination coverage. All vaccines analyzed had significant clusters. The clusters most likely to vaccinate their population were mainly located in the Central, Midwest, South Central, and Northwest regions, while the least likely were in the North, Northeast, and Triângulo do Sul regions. The municipal human development index, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product were spatially dependent on vaccination coverage. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial behavior of hepatitis A, MMR, and varicella vaccination coverage is heterogeneous and associated with socioeconomic factors. We emphasize that vaccination records require attention and should be continuously monitored to improve the quality of information used in services and research.

Spatial behavior of hepatitis A, MMR, and varicella vaccination coverage in the state of Minas Gerais, 2020 / Comportamento espacial da cobertura vacinal de hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela no estado de Minas Gerais, 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the spatial behavior of hepatitis A, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), and varicella vaccination coverage in children and its relationship with socioeconomic determinants in the state of Minas Gerais. Methods: This ecological study investigated records of doses administered to children, extracted from the Immunization Information System of 853 municipalities in Minas Gerais, in 2020. We analyzed the vaccination coverage and socioeconomic factors. Spatial scan statistics were used to identify spatial clusters and measure the relative risk based on the vaccination coverage indicator and the Bivariate Moran Index, and thus detect socioeconomic factors correlated with the spatial distribution of vaccination. We used the cartographic base of the state and its municipalities and the ArcGIS and SPSS software programs. Results: Hepatitis A (89.0%), MMR (75.7%), and varicella (89.0%) showed low vaccination coverage. All vaccines analyzed had significant clusters. The clusters most likely to vaccinate their population were mainly located in the Central, Midwest, South Central, and Northwest regions, while the least likely were in the North, Northeast, and Triângulo do Sul regions. The municipal human development index, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product were spatially dependent on vaccination coverage. Conclusions: The spatial behavior of hepatitis A, MMR, and varicella vaccination coverage is heterogeneous and associated with socioeconomic factors. We emphasize that vaccination records require attention and should be continuously monitored to improve the quality of information used in services and research.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento espacial da cobertura vacinal da hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela em crianças e a relação com determinantes socioeconômicos, no estado de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Estudo ecológico que considerou os registros de doses aplicadas em crianças extraídos do Sistema de Informação de Imunização de 853 municípios mineiros, em 2020. Analisaram-se as coberturas vacinais e os fatores socioeconômicos. A estatística scan espacial foi utilizada para identificar agrupamentos espaciais e medir o risco relativo pelo indicador de cobertura vacinal e o Índice de Moran Bivariado para identificar os fatores socioeconômicos correlacionados com a distribuição espacial da vacinação. Utilizou-se a base cartográfica do estado e de seus municípios e os softwares ArcGIS e SPSS. Resultados: Observaram-se baixas coberturas para as vacinas de hepatite A (89,0%), tríplice viral (75,7%) e varicela (89,0%). Foram identificados aglomerados significativos em todas as vacinas analisadas. Os aglomerados de maior chance de a população ser vacinada se alocaram majoritariamente nas regiões Centro, Centro-Oeste, Centro-Sul, Noroeste, e as de menor propensão para a vacinação encontram-se nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Triângulo do Sul. O índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal, a taxa de urbanização e o produto interno bruto tiveram dependência espacial com a cobertura vacinal. Conclusões: Há heterogeneidades no comportamento espacial das coberturas para as vacinas hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela, e essa condição se encontra associada a fatores socioeconômicos. Destaca-se que os registros de vacinação requerem atenção e devem ser continuamente acompanhados para aprimoramento da qualidade das informações utilizadas nos serviços e nas pesquisas.

Childhood vaccination coverage of hepatitis A, measles, mumps and rubella, and varicella: temporal trend analysis in Minas Gerais, Brazil. / Cobertura vacinal infantil de hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela: análise de tendência temporal em Minas Gerais, Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of vaccination coverage for hepatitis A, measles, mumps and rubella, and varicella in a Brazilian state from 2014 to 2020. METHODS: An ecological, time-series study that considered data from 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais that compose the 14 regions of the state, these being the territorial units of analysis. Records of applied doses of hepatitis A, measles, mumps and rubella, and varicella vaccines registered in the Brazilian Immunization Information System were analyzed. Trends were estimated by Prais-Winsten regression and 95% confidence intervals of measures of variation were calculated. RESULTS: Low vaccine coverage of hepatitis A, measles, mumps and rubella, and varicella was identified. Coverages above 95% were observed only in 2015 for the vaccine against hepatitis A (98.8%) and, in 2016, for varicella (98.4%). The measles, mumps and rubella vaccine showed coverage of less than 95% in all analyzed years. Decreases of 13.6 and 4.3% between the years 2019 and 2020 were identified for the measles, mumps and rubella, and hepatitis A vaccines, respectively. There was a decreasing trend in hepatitis A vaccination coverage in the South (p=0.041), East (p=0.030), and North (p=0.045) regions; and for the measles, mumps and rubella in Jequitinhonha Valley (p=0.002), East (p=0.004), and North (p=0.024) regions. Increasing coverage was observed only for varicella in eight regions of the state. CONCLUSIONS: The data point to heterogeneity in the temporal behavior of vaccination coverage in Minas Gerais. The downward trend in some regions causes concern about the possibility of resurgence of diseases, such as measles, which until then had been controlled.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência temporal da cobertura vacinal de hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela em um estado brasileiro no período de 2014 a 2020. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais, que considerou dados dos 853 municípios de Minas Gerais que compõem as 14 regiões do estado, sendo estas as unidades territoriais de análise. Foram analisados registros de doses aplicadas das vacinas hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela registrados no Sistema de Informação de Imunização do Brasil. As tendências foram estimadas pela regressão de Prais-Winsten e calculados os intervalos de confiança 95% das medidas de variação. RESULTADOS: Identificaram-se baixas coberturas vacinais de hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela. Coberturas acima de 95% foram observadas somente no ano de 2015 para a vacina contra hepatite A (98,8%) e, em 2016, para a varicela (98,4%). A vacina tríplice viral apresentou cobertura inferior a 95% em todos os anos analisados. Uma queda de 13,6 e 4,3% entre os anos de 2019 e 2020 foi identificada para as vacinas tríplice viral e hepatite A, respectivamente. Observou-se tendência decrescente na cobertura vacinal da hepatite A nas regiões Sul (p=0,041), Leste (p=0,030) e Norte (p=0,045); para a tríplice viral, nas regiões Jequitinhonha (p=0,002), Leste (p=0,004) e Norte (p=0,024). A cobertura crescente foi observada somente para a varicela em oito regiões do estado. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados apontam heterogeneidade no comportamento temporal das coberturas vacinais em Minas Gerais. A tendência decrescente em algumas regiões desperta preocupação pela possibilidade do recrudescimento de doenças, como o sarampo, até então controladas.

Cobertura vacinal infantil de hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela: análise de tendência temporal em Minas Gerais, Brasil / Childhood vaccination coverage of hepatitis A, measles, mumps and rubella, and varicella: temporal trend analysis in Minas Gerais, Brazil

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal da cobertura vacinal de hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela em um estado brasileiro no período de 2014 a 2020. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais, que considerou dados dos 853 municípios de Minas Gerais que compõem as 14 regiões do estado, sendo estas as unidades territoriais de análise. Foram analisados registros de doses aplicadas das vacinas hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela registrados no Sistema de Informação de Imunização do Brasil. As tendências foram estimadas pela regressão de Prais-Winsten e calculados os intervalos de confiança 95% das medidas de variação. Resultados: Identificaram-se baixas coberturas vacinais de hepatite A, tríplice viral e varicela. Coberturas acima de 95% foram observadas somente no ano de 2015 para a vacina contra hepatite A (98,8%) e, em 2016, para a varicela (98,4%). A vacina tríplice viral apresentou cobertura inferior a 95% em todos os anos analisados. Uma queda de 13,6 e 4,3% entre os anos de 2019 e 2020 foi identificada para as vacinas tríplice viral e hepatite A, respectivamente. Observou-se tendência decrescente na cobertura vacinal da hepatite A nas regiões Sul (p=0,041), Leste (p=0,030) e Norte (p=0,045); para a tríplice viral, nas regiões Jequitinhonha (p=0,002), Leste (p=0,004) e Norte (p=0,024). A cobertura crescente foi observada somente para a varicela em oito regiões do estado. Conclusões: Os dados apontam heterogeneidade no comportamento temporal das coberturas vacinais em Minas Gerais. A tendência decrescente em algumas regiões desperta preocupação pela possibilidade do recrudescimento de doenças, como o sarampo, até então controladas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of vaccination coverage for hepatitis A, measles, mumps and rubella, and varicella in a Brazilian state from 2014 to 2020. Methods: An ecological, time-series study that considered data from 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais that compose the 14 regions of the state, these being the territorial units of analysis. Records of applied doses of hepatitis A, measles, mumps and rubella, and varicella vaccines registered in the Brazilian Immunization Information System were analyzed. Trends were estimated by Prais-Winsten regression and 95% confidence intervals of measures of variation were calculated. Results: Low vaccine coverage of hepatitis A, measles, mumps and rubella, and varicella was identified. Coverages above 95% were observed only in 2015 for the vaccine against hepatitis A (98.8%) and, in 2016, for varicella (98.4%). The measles, mumps and rubella vaccine showed coverage of less than 95% in all analyzed years. Decreases of 13.6 and 4.3% between the years 2019 and 2020 were identified for the measles, mumps and rubella, and hepatitis A vaccines, respectively. There was a decreasing trend in hepatitis A vaccination coverage in the South (p=0.041), East (p=0.030), and North (p=0.045) regions; and for the measles, mumps and rubella in Jequitinhonha Valley (p=0.002), East (p=0.004), and North (p=0.024) regions. Increasing coverage was observed only for varicella in eight regions of the state. Conclusions: The data point to heterogeneity in the temporal behavior of vaccination coverage in Minas Gerais. The downward trend in some regions causes concern about the possibility of resurgence of diseases, such as measles, which until then had been controlled.